References
Genevieve Vaughan (1997) For-Giving: A Feminist Criticism of Exchange,
Plain View Press, Austin, Texas.
Footnotes
[1] Notably, Meridien FM in Tema, Ghana.
[2] http://www.worldsummit2003.de/en/web/229.htm accessed January 25,
2004
[3] http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/F/htmlF/fairnessdoct/fairnessdoct.htm
accessed March 5, 2004
[4] "Corollaries to the fairness doctrine -- the 'personal attack' and
'political editorializing' rules-- were thrown out in October 2000 by
the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia."
http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/Press/topic.aspx?topic=press_broadcasting,
accessed March 5, 2004
[5] http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/F/htmlF/fairnessdoct/fairnessdoct.htm
accessed March 5, 2004
[6] WINGS #4-01 Revenge on Big Media: Dallas's cat-killers. Radio program
produced by Mary O' Grady for Women's International News Gathering Service
and released in 2001.
[7] "Section 315 of the Communications Act -- the section that imposes
an equal time requirement for all broadcasts featuring candidates -- may
itself be unconstitutional." Michael C. Dorf, on web site http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/08/22/findlaw.analysis.dorf.arnold/,
accessed March 5, 2004
[8] http://www.listenerchoice.com/essays/BroadcastingShift.html accessed
March 5, 2004.
[9] http://wireless.fcc.gov/auctions/ accessed March 5, 2004.
[10] http://www.ncs.gov/N5_HP/Customer_Service/XAffairs/SpeechService/SS00-056.htm
accessed March 5, 2004. I am using the US as my primary example because
I am most familiar with the process there, and because the process of
enclosing the commons there is very stark. However, as will be discussed
in the section on government radio, there is more than one way to ensure
control through scarcity.
[11] Interview notes by Frieda Werden, on web site http://www.womensradiofund.org/femradio.htm
accessed March 5, 2004
[12] Werden, Frieda, "A Woman's Local Commercial FM Station," on web site
http://www.womensradiofund.org/batrogue.htm accessed March 5, 2004
[13] http://www.fcc.gov/localism/ accessed March 5, 2004 Chairman Michael
Powell is the son of the US Secretary of State Colin Powell. To see what
is the "community" of media owners in the US (and transnationally) today,
see the web page "Who Controls the Media?" maintained by the National
Organization for Women, as part of their campaign against lifting media
ownership restrictions:
http://www.nowfoundation.org/issues/communications/tv/mediacontrol.html
[14] "FCC Localism Hearing Draws Large, Vocal Crowd" on web site http://www.wral.com/news/2574901/detail.html
POSTED: 9:52 p.m. EDT October 22, 2003, UPDATED: 10:18 p.m. EDT October
22, 2003.
[15] Eric Boehlert in "Pay for Play," http://dir.salon.com/ent/feature/2001/03/14/payola/index.html
[16] "#17 Clear Channel Monopoly Draws Criticism," on web site
http://www.projectcensored.org/publications/2004/17.html summarizes
coverage by Jeff Perlstein from September 2002.
[17] http://www.mediageek.org/archives/002169.html , posting dated October
23, 2003.
[18] Jennifer Pozner, "I'd Take Them Out with Sex: Journalists trivialize
Howard Stern's advocacy of rape as 'Insensitivity'" in Extra, July/August
1999. Found on web site: http://www.fair.org/extra/9907/stern.html
[19] See collection of back articles from FAIR on http://www.fair.org/media-outlets/talk-radio.html
[20] http://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/News/02/25/stern.suspension/, dated
Feb. 26 2004. NB: These new "decency standards" are also quite political,
a reversal of the entire trend toward deregulation of media content pleasing
to the fundamentalist sector of the US political right.
[21] "Stern Feels Bush-Whacked, End is Near," dated March 3, 2004, on
web site
http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=20252
[I can't resist mentioning here that in my research for discussion of
the rationale for shock radio's popularity, I found web sites selling
term papers on this topic for $9.95 a page!]
[22] http://www.rnw.nl/realradio/dossiers/html/hateintro.html , viewed
March 6, 2004; page last updated February 10, 2004.
[23] http://www.comminit.com/pdsradiodrama/sld-9388.html, Case Study 9:
Rwanda - Urunana (Hand in Hand)
[24] http://www.wings.org/2003.html
[25] Heidi Dietrich, "Polite market: Area not known for shock radio,"
in Puget Sound Business Journal, October 17, 2003 Print Edition, archived
on the web at http://seattle.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/2003/10/20/story3.html
accessed March 6, 2004
[26] Patrick Burkart, "Radio Shock: Talk Radio Propaganda," in Bad Subjects,
Issue # 23, December 1995
archived on the web at http://www.eserver.org/bs/23/burkart.html accessed
March 6, 2004
[27] "Challenging Hate Radio: A Guide for Activists" on the web page http://www.fair.org/activism/hate-radio.html:
"Call in to the show. Call the on-air line during the show and try to
challenge the racism, sexism or homophobia calmly and directly. It often
doesn't take much to demonstrate the absurdity of bigoted arguments. If
several people call in, it can change the entire show. "
[28] "Groups Demand End to 'Hate Radio' "by John C. postedWednesday, Apr.
24, 2002 at 7:23 PM on the web page http://www.indybay.org/news/2002/04/124735_comment.php
[29] http://www.zundelsite.org/english/catalog/audio_catalog.html accessed
March 10, 2004
[30] Greg Bonnell, "Holocaust denier Ernst Zundel to remain in jail pending
immigration hearing," Tuesday April 1, 2003, in CNews Law and Order, archived
on web page http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Law/2003/03/31/55093-cp.html accessed
March 10, 2000.
[31] In the US, the term "public service radio" is sometimes applied to
emergency radio communications used by police and fire departments, and
"public radio" is used for the noncommercial broadcast stations..
[32] http://www.tvradioworld.com/region3/moz/ accessed March 12, 2004
[33] Christina Ruhnbro, private e-mail, March 15, 2004
[34] "Radio Broadcasting History" timeline, archived on web page
http://senior.billings.k12.mt.us/otrannex/history/radio.htm accessed March
6 2004.
[35] "A Brief History of Regulation of Radiocommunications in New Zealand
1903 2003" on the web page http://www.med.govt.nz/rsm/publications/pibs/radiohistory/footnotes.html#fn09
accessed March 6, 2004
[36] "Timeline: New Zealand" at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1138430.stm
accessed March 6, 2004.
[37] From the Shortland Street web site, FAQ http://shortlandstreet.nzoom.com/faq/
accessed March 11, 2004
[38] http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/N/htmlN/newzealand/newzealand.htm
accessed March 6, 2004
[39] "Advancing Cultural Diversity Globally: The Role of Civil Society
Movements, on web page
http://w ww.incd.net/Conf2003/INCD_papers2003_Convention.htm, accessed
March 10, 2004
[40] Musi Khumalo, private communication February 2004.
[41] FTAA Trade Negotiations Committee Canada, Paper on Cultural Diversity
in the FTAA Negotiations," September 23, 2003, on http://www.ftaa-alca.org/TNC/tnw195_e.asp,
accessed March 10, 2004
[42] Ministry of Culture, Sweden, "Public Service Radio and Television
2005" accessed March 11, 2004
[43] See, for an example of such discussion, Noam Chomsky's book Objectivity
and Liberal Scholarship, which discusses objectivity as an ideological
mask for championing mainstream self-interest against mass movements for
change.
[44] "The Unofficial Guide to the BBC" on web site http://www.vaxxine.com/master-control/BBC/chapters/Bbc_form.html
accessed March 11, 2004
[45] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/3177479.stm
accessed March 12, 2004
[46] Daithí Ó hAnluain, "Free Content Becoming Thing of the Past for UK's
Online Newspaper Sites," in Online Journal Review, posted Feb 13, 2004.
Web site http://www.ojr.org/ojr/business/1067472919.php
accessed March 12, 2004
[47] Robin Gross, speech at the Community Media panel on Intellectual
Property Rights, World Summit on the Information Society, 11 December
2003. Recorded by Frieda Werden, and forthcoming as an audio program in
WINGS: Women's International News Gathering Service.
[48] "What is COMMUNITY RADIO?" on www.amarc.org/amarc/ang accessed March
16, 2004
[49]Chido E. F. Matewa, Media and the Empowerment of Communities for Social
Change (PhD dissertation 2002), "Chapter Five: Participatory and development
communication in Zimbabwe"
archived on the web at http://www.comminit.com/idmatewa/sld-6133.html
accessed March 15, 2004.
[50] Note that CEDAW -- the United Nations Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, requires that all signatory
states provide mechanisms for the participation of rural women in public
decision-making. Zimbabwe finally ratified CEDAW in 1991.
[51] Elizabeth Karonga in radio program "WINGS #44-00 Media for Women's
Development" produced by Frieda Werden.
[52] Matewa, op.cit.
[53] Omunegha, "Women, Poverty and the Media," speech at the World Forum
on Communication Rights, Geneva Switzerland, December 11, 2003, recorded
by Frieda Werden and aired in Voix San Frontieres, AMARC audio feed, March
21, 2004.
[54] http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-freir.htm accessed March 22, 2004
[55] "Ghana: Radio Ada Goes on the Air," on web page http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6721e/x6721e30.htm
accessed March 14, 2004
[56] N.B.: "We are not using the violent methods of the system but are
looking for other ways to change it from within." -- Genevieve Vaughan,
For-Giving, p. 23
[57] Interview by Elizabeth Robinson, recorded at the African Village
exhibit at the World Summit on the Information Society, December 10-12,
2003; aired in AMARC, Voix sans frontiers, March 21, 2004.
[58]"MAMA FM Closes, on web site http://radio.oneworld.net/article/view/73528/1/
accessed March 15, 2004
[59] Wilna Quarmyne, "A 'Kente' Approach to Community Radio Training:
Weaving Training into the Community Empowerment Process, " February 2001,
on web page
http://www.comminit.com/africa/st2004/sld-1467.html accessed March 22,
2004
[60] For-Giving, p. 96
[61] For-Giving, p. 98
[62] Lyn Gerry, "KPFK Programmers Ordered to Mainstream Content; Advocacy
Journalism is 'Out,'" dated May 26, 1998, on the web page http://www.radio4all.org/fp/mainstream.htm
accessed March 16, 2004
[63] Norm Stockwell, General Manager, WORT-FM, Madison, Wisconsin, small
group discussion, July 22, 2000.
[64] Anonymous, [Pacifica] PROGRAM DIRECTOR MEETING (PART II) ALBUQUERQUE,
NEW MEXICO FEBRUARY 28, 1995 on web site http://www.radio4all.org/fp/pdmeet1.html;
[65] I should mention here that community broadcasters, including both
FIRE (Feminist International Radio Endeavour/Radio Internacional Feminista,
based in Costa Rica) and the great community station Bush Radio in Cape
Town, South Africa, are coming up with new and appropriate ways of not
only measuring but valuing their audiences.
[66] http://www.kgnu.org/grassroots6/ accessed March 22, 2004
[67] Marty Durlin and Cathy Melio, "The Grassroots Radio Movement in the
US," found on the web page http://www.morelater.com/kaos/forum/messages/43.html
accessed March 16, 2004
[68] Vaughan in For-Giving, p. 36. See also, p. 24: [G]iving to needs
creates bonds between givers and receivers. Recognizing someone's need
and acting to satisfy it, convinces the giver of the existence of the
other, while receiving something from someone else that satisfies a need
proves the existence of the other to the receiver.
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